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2020

Ghost from constraints: a generalization of Ostrogradsky theorem

Aoki, Katsuki, Motohashi, Hayato

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Ostrogradsky theorem states that Hamiltonian is unbounded when Euler-Lagrange equations are higher than second-order differential equations under the nondegeneracy assumption.

Since higher-order nondegenerate Lagrangian can be always recast into an equivalent system with at most first-order derivatives by introducing auxiliary variables and constraints, it is conceivable that the link between ghost and higher derivatives may be reinterpreted as a link between ghost and constraints and/or auxiliary variables.
We find that the latter point of view actually provides more general perspective than the former, by exploring the un/boundedness of the Hamiltonian for general theories containing auxiliary variables, for which Euler-Lagrange equations can be essentially second order or lower than that.
For Lagrangians including auxiliary variables nonlinearly, we derive the degeneracy condition to evade the Ostrogradsky ghost that can apply even if auxiliary variables can be solved only locally.

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