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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, K. Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, K. Asada, R. Azulay, A.-K. Baczko, D. Ball, M. Baloković, and J. Barrett, “First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole,” ApJ 875
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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, K. Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, K. Asada, R. Azulay, A.-K. Baczko, D. Ball, M. Baloković, and J. Barrett, “First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation,” ApJ 875
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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, K. Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, K. Asada, R. Azulay, A.-K. Baczko, D. Ball, M. Baloković, and J. Barrett, “First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration,” ApJ 875
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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, K. Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, K. Asada, R. Azulay, A.-K. Baczko, D. Ball, M. Baloković, and J. Barrett, “First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole,” ApJ 875
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Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, K. Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, K. Asada, R. Azulay, A.-K. Baczko, D. Ball, M. Baloković, and J. Barrett, “First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring,” ApJ 875
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S. E. Gralla, D. E. Holz, and R. M. Wald, “Black hole shadows, photon rings, and lensing rings,” Phys. Rev. D 100
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M. D. Johnson, A. Lupsasca, A. Strominger, G. N. Wong, S. Hadar, D. Kapec, R. Narayan, A. Chael, C. F. Gammie, P. Galison, D. C. M. Palumbo, S. S. Doeleman, L. Blackburn, M. Wielgus, D. W. Pesce, J. R. Farah, and J. M. Moran, “Universal Interferometric Signatures of a Black Hole’s Photon Ring,” arXiv e-prints
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K. Moriyama, S. Mineshige, M. Honma, and K. Akiyama, “Black hole Spin Measurement Based on Time-domain VLBI Observations of Infalling Gas Cloud,” arXiv e-prints
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Similar

E. Teo, “Spherical Photon Orbits Around a Kerr Black Hole,” General Relativity and Gravitation
1926
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Then

S. E. Vázquez and E. P. Esteban, “Strong-field gravitational lensing by a Kerr black hole,” Nuovo Cimento B Serie
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2008
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2009
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Original
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2019

Lensing by Kerr Black Holes

Gralla, Samuel E., Lupsasca, Alexandru

Understand

Interpreting horizon-scale observations of astrophysical black holes demands a general understanding of null geodesics in the Kerr spacetime.

These may be divided into two classes: "direct" rays that primarily determine the observational appearance of a given source, and highly bent rays that produce a nested sequence of exponentially demagnified images of the main emission: the so-called "photon ring".
We develop heuristics that characterize the direct rays and study the highly bent geodesics analytically.
We define three critical parameters $\gamma$, $\delta$, and $\tau$ that respectively control the demagnification, rotation, and time delay of successive images of the source, thereby providing an analytic theory of the photon ring.

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Similar

E. Teo, “Spherical Photon Orbits Around a Kerr Black Hole,” General Relativity and Gravitation
1926
Cited alongside, same era.
T. Johannsen and D. Psaltis, “Testing the No-hair Theorem with Observations in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. II. Black Hole Images,” ApJ 718
Original
1931
Cited alongside, same era.
B. Carter, “Global Structure of the Kerr Family of Gravitational Fields,” Physical Review
1968
Cited alongside, same era.
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Jan, 1973
J. M. Bardeen, “Timelike and null geodesics in the Kerr metric.,” in Black Holes (Les Astres Occlus) · 1973
Cited alongside, same era.
J. P. Luminet, “Image of a spherical black hole with thin accretion disk.,” A&A 75
1979
Cited alongside, same era.
Oxford University Press, 1983