Understand
High-energy particles enter the solar atmosphere from Galactic or solar coronal sources, producing an "albedo'' source from the quiet Sun, now observable across a wide range of photon energies.
- The interaction of high-energy particles in a stellar atmosphere depends essentially upon the joint variation of the magnetic field and the gas, which heretofore has been characterized parametrically as P ~ B^alpha with P the gas pressure and B the magnitude of the magnetic field.
- We re-examine that parametrization by using a self-consistent 3D MHD model (Bifrost) and show that this relationship tends to P ~ B^{2.9+-0.1} based on the visible portions of the sample of open-field flux tubes in such a model, but with large variations from point to point.
- This scatter corresponds to the strong meandering of the open-field flux tubes in the lower atmosphere, which will have a strong effect on the prediction of the emission anisotropy (limb brightening).