Universal relations for gravitational-wave asteroseismology of proto-neutron stars

Understand

State-of-the-art numerical simulations of core-collapse supernovae reveal that the main source of gravitational waves is the excitation of proto-neutron star modes during post-bounce evolution.

• In this work we derive universal relations that relate the frequencies of the most common oscillation modes observed, i.e.
• g-modes, p-modes and the f-mode, with fundamental properties of the system, such as the surface gravity of the proto-neutron star or the mean density in the region enclosed by the shock.
• These relations are independent of the equation of state, the neutrino treatment, and the progenitor mass and hence can be used to build methods to infer proto-neutron star properties from gravitational-wave observations alone.