Isotropic charged cosmologies in infrared-modified electrodynamics

Understand

It has long been known that the covariant formulation of quantum electrodynamics conflicts with the local description of states in the charged sector.

• Some of the solutions to this problem amount to modifications of the subsidiary conditions below some arbitrarily low photon frequency.
• Such infrared modified theories have been shown to be equivalent to standard Maxwell electrodynamics with an additional classical electromagnetic current induced by the quantum charges.
• The induced current only has support for very small frequencies and cancels the effects of the physical charges on large scales.