Built on

L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation and Group Velocity , 154 pages (1960), (Academic Press)
1960
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. W. Horndeski, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 10
1974
Earlier work this paper cites.
P. Milonni, Fast Light, Slow Light and Left-Handed Light, 262 pages (2004), (Taylor & Francis)
2004
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Adams, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dubovsky, A. Nicolis, and R. Rattazzi, JHEP 0610
2006
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Nicolis, R. Rattazzi, and E. Trincherini, Phys. Rev. D79
Original
2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
N. Chow and J. Khoury, Phys. Rev. D80
Original
2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. Deffayet, O. Pujolas, I. Sawicki, and A. Vikman, JCAP 1010
Original
2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
N. Agarwal, R. Bean, J. Khoury, and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D81
Original
2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. de Rham and L. Heisenberg, Phys. Rev. D84
Original
2011
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Mirshekari, N. Yunes, and C. M. Will, Phys. Rev. D85
Original
2012
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Gubitosi, F. Piazza, and F. Vernizzi, JCAP 1302
Original
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
In theories that admit a Vainshtein mechanism Babichev and Deffayet 2013 ; Koyama et al. 2013 , we may hope to be able to trust the theory at scales of order Λ \Lambda and to invoke a Vainshtein redressing to push the regime of validity of the theory to higher scales, however the Vainshtein redressing is negligible for the physical setup considered here
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
B. Sathyaprakash et al. , Gravitational waves. Numerical relativity - data analysis. Proceedings, 9th Edoardo Amaldi Conference, Amaldi 9, and meeting, NRDA 2011, Cardiff, UK, July 10-15, 2011 , Class. Quant. Grav. 29
Original
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Gleyzes, D. Langlois, F. Piazza, and F. Vernizzi, JCAP 1308
Original
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

E. Babichev and C. Deffayet, Class. Quant. Grav. 30
Original
2013
Cited alongside, same era.
K. Koyama, G. Niz, and G. Tasinato, Phys. Rev. D88
Original
2013
Cited alongside, same era.
Strictly speaking, the front velocity is defined as the speed of the front of a disturbance Brillouin 1960 ; Milonni 2004 . In practice, the front velocity is defined as the high frequency limit of the phase velocity Brillouin 1960 ; Milonni 2004 ; de Rham 2014 , c front = l i m k → ∞ ⁡ c T ( k ) . \displaystyle c_{\rm front}=\mathop{lim}\displaylimits_{k\to\infty}c_{T}(k). (20)
2014
Cited alongside, same era.
C. de Rham and R. H. Ribeiro, JCAP 1411
Original
2014
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

T. Baker, E. Bellini, P. G. Ferreira, M. Lagos, J. Noller, and I. Sawicki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
C. de Rham, S. Melville, A. J. Tolley, and S.-Y. Zhou, JHEP 09
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
B. Bellazzini, JHEP 02
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
Interestingly gas bounds to Black Holes in the LISA band may produce an X-ray signal Haiman 2017
2017
Later among the works it cites.
Z. Haiman, Phys. Rev. D96
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.

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2018

Gravitational Rainbows: LIGO and Dark Energy at its Cutoff

de Rham, Claudia, Melville, Scott

Understand

The recent direct detection of a neutron star merger with optical counterpart has been used to severely constrain models of dark energy that typically predict a modification of the speed of gravitational waves.

We point out that the energy scales observed at LIGO, and the particular frequency of the neutron star event, lie very close to the strong coupling scale or cutoff associated with many dark energy models.
While it is true that at very low energies one expects gravitational waves to travel at a speed different than light in these models, the same is no longer necessarily true as one reaches energy scales close to the cutoff.
We show explicitly how this occurs in a simple model with a known partial UV completion.

Built on

L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation and Group Velocity , 154 pages (1960), (Academic Press)
1960
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. W. Horndeski, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 10
1974
Earlier work this paper cites.
P. Milonni, Fast Light, Slow Light and Left-Handed Light, 262 pages (2004), (Taylor & Francis)
2004
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Adams, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dubovsky, A. Nicolis, and R. Rattazzi, JHEP 0610
2006
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Nicolis, R. Rattazzi, and E. Trincherini, Phys. Rev. D79
Original
2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
N. Chow and J. Khoury, Phys. Rev. D80
Original
2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. Deffayet, O. Pujolas, I. Sawicki, and A. Vikman, JCAP 1010
Original
2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
N. Agarwal, R. Bean, J. Khoury, and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D81
Original
2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. de Rham and L. Heisenberg, Phys. Rev. D84
Original
2011
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Mirshekari, N. Yunes, and C. M. Will, Phys. Rev. D85
Original
2012
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Gubitosi, F. Piazza, and F. Vernizzi, JCAP 1302
Original
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
In theories that admit a Vainshtein mechanism Babichev and Deffayet 2013 ; Koyama et al. 2013 , we may hope to be able to trust the theory at scales of order Λ \Lambda and to invoke a Vainshtein redressing to push the regime of validity of the theory to higher scales, however the Vainshtein redressing is negligible for the physical setup considered here
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
B. Sathyaprakash et al. , Gravitational waves. Numerical relativity - data analysis. Proceedings, 9th Edoardo Amaldi Conference, Amaldi 9, and meeting, NRDA 2011, Cardiff, UK, July 10-15, 2011 , Class. Quant. Grav. 29
Original
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Gleyzes, D. Langlois, F. Piazza, and F. Vernizzi, JCAP 1308
Original
2013
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

E. Babichev and C. Deffayet, Class. Quant. Grav. 30
Original
2013
Cited alongside, same era.
K. Koyama, G. Niz, and G. Tasinato, Phys. Rev. D88
Original
2013
Cited alongside, same era.
Strictly speaking, the front velocity is defined as the speed of the front of a disturbance Brillouin 1960 ; Milonni 2004 . In practice, the front velocity is defined as the high frequency limit of the phase velocity Brillouin 1960 ; Milonni 2004 ; de Rham 2014 , c front = l i m k → ∞ ⁡ c T ( k ) . \displaystyle c_{\rm front}=\mathop{lim}\displaylimits_{k\to\infty}c_{T}(k). (20)
2014
Cited alongside, same era.
C. de Rham and R. H. Ribeiro, JCAP 1411
Original
2014
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

T. Baker, E. Bellini, P. G. Ferreira, M. Lagos, J. Noller, and I. Sawicki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
C. de Rham, S. Melville, A. J. Tolley, and S.-Y. Zhou, JHEP 09
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
B. Bellazzini, JHEP 02
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.
Interestingly gas bounds to Black Holes in the LISA band may produce an X-ray signal Haiman 2017
2017
Later among the works it cites.
Z. Haiman, Phys. Rev. D96
Original
2017
Later among the works it cites.

Beyond the bibliography

alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.

Open on alphaXiv

alphaXiv is searching for related work…

C. de Rham, Living Rev.Rel. 17

Original

2014

Cited alongside, same era.

B. P. Abbott et al. (Virgo, LIGO Scientific), Phys. Rev. Lett. 116

Original

2016

Cited alongside, same era.

L. Lombriser and A. Taylor, JCAP 1603

Original

2016

Cited alongside, same era.

The impact of ( 1

2016

Cited alongside, same era.

N. Yunes, K. Yagi, and F. Pretorius, Phys. Rev. D94

Original

2016

Cited alongside, same era.

D. Blas, M. M. Ivanov, I. Sawicki, and S. Sibiryakov, JETP Lett. 103

Original

2016

Cited alongside, same era.

L. Lombriser and N. A. Lima, Phys. Lett. B765

Original

2017

Cited alongside, same era.

P. Creminelli and F. Vernizzi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119

Original

2017

Cited alongside, same era.

Y. Akrami, P. Brax, A.-C. Davis, and V. Vardanyan, Phys. Rev. D97

Original

2018

Closest in time.

L. Heisenberg and S. Tsujikawa, JCAP 1801

Original

2018

Closest in time.

J. Beltran Jimenez and L. Heisenberg, (2018), arXiv:1806.01753 [gr-qc]

Original

2018

Closest in time.

B. Bellazzini, F. Riva, J. Serra, and F. Sgarlata, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120

Original

2018

Closest in time.

C. de Rham, S. Melville, and A. J. Tolley, JHEP 04

Original

2018

Closest in time.

Note that Bellazzini et al. 2018 included some confusions in interpreting the context in which EFTs should be valid that were clarified in de Rham et al. 2018

2018

Closest in time.

Horndeski models of dark energy involve many other types of other operators which do not affect the sound speed. Including those would not affect our conclusions about c T c_{T} , namely that it is naturally of order unity near LIGO frequencies. However, these other operators may have other effects on the gravitational waveform, for example through a time-dependent Planck mass. If the spontaneous symmetry breaking is solely responsible for the time dependence of the Planck mass, then this will also asymptote to a constant in the UV as Lorentz invariance is restored. Interestingly, it was recently pointed out in Creminelli et al. 2018 that most Horndeski models of dark energy that do not predict a luminal GW sound speed would lead to a decay of GW into the dark energy field and are also severally constrained

2018

Closest in time.

P. Creminelli, M. Lewandowski, G. Tambalo, and F. Vernizzi, (2018), arXiv:1809.03484 [astro-ph.CO]

Original

2018

Closest in time.