Gauge-independent Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism and Yang-Mills theory with a gauge-invariant gluon mass term

Understand

For the Yang-Mills theory coupled to a single scalar field in the fundamental representation of the gauge group, we present a gauge-independent description of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism by which massless gauge bosons acquire their mass.

• The new description should be compared with the conventional gauge-dependent description relying on the spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking due to a choice of the non-vanishing vacuum expectation value of the scalar field.
• In this paper we focus our consideration on the fundamental scalar field which extends the previous work done for the Yang-Mills theory with an adjoint scalar field.
• Moreover, we show that the Yang-Mills theory with a gauge-invariant mass term is obtained from the corresponding gauge-scalar model when the radial degree of freedom (length) of the scalar field is fixed.