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2017

Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget

Buterin, Vitalik, Griffith, Virgil

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We introduce Casper, a proof of stake-based finality system which overlays an existing proof of work blockchain.

Casper is a partial consensus mechanism combining proof of stake algorithm research and Byzantine fault tolerant consensus theory.
We introduce our system, prove some desirable features, and show defenses against long range revisions and catastrophic crashes.
The Casper overlay provides almost any proof of work chain with additional protections against block reversions.

Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget · Around

Built on

Practical byzantine fault tolerance
Castro, M., Liskov, B. & et. al · 1999
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Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008)
Nakamoto, S · 2008
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Ppcoin: Peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake 19
King, S. & Nadal, S · 2012
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Accelerating bitcoin’s transaction processing. fast money grows on trees, not chains. 2013
Sompolinsky, Y. & Zohar, A · 2013
Earlier work this paper cites.

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