Checkerboard artifact free sub-pixel convolution: A note on sub-pixel convolution, resize convolution and convolution resize

Understand

The most prominent problem associated with the deconvolution layer is the presence of checkerboard artifacts in output images and dense labels.

• To combat this problem, smoothness constraints, post processing and different architecture designs have been proposed.
• Odena et al.
• highlight three sources of checkerboard artifacts: deconvolution overlap, random initialization and loss functions.