Effect of finite particle number sampling on baryon number fluctuations

Understand

The effects of finite particle number sampling on the net baryon number cumulants, extracted from fluid dynamical simulations, are studied.

• The commonly used finite particle number sampling procedure introduces an additional Poissonian (or multinomial if global baryon number conservation is enforced) contribution which increases the extracted moments of the baryon number distribution.
• If this procedure is applied to a fluctuating fluid dynamics framework one severely overestimates the actual cumulants.
• We show that the sampling of so called test-particles suppresses the additional contribution to the moments by at least one power of the number of test-particles.