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Squeezed light generation has come of age.
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The high precision measurement of many quantities can be traced back to a position measurement. For a long time the precision with which the position of a massive particle can be determined was thought to be limited by Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation, where the uncertainty is minimized and distributed equally between position and momentum. The term standard quantum limit (SQL) was coined to refer to this situation. It is enlightening to follow the development of how the scientific community came to understand that it is possible to go well below this SQL. Braginsky pioneered the the concept of quantum non-demolition measurements developing mechanical resonance detectors for gravitational waves Braginsky, Vorontsov, and Thorne 1980 . A different approach applied to optical interferometers was proposed by Unruh showing that an interferometer can become more sensitive Unruh 1983 . But he used his own notation and the community somehow did not really catch on. At about the same time Yuen pointed out that the trick is to correlate the uncertainties in position and momentum in a particular way Yuen 1983 . He used the term contractive states but the concept seemed to be academic with little relevance to applications. It took another 10 years until Jaekel et al. Jaekel and Reynaud 1990 treated the problem using the linearization approach and soon after Luis and Sanchez-Soto Luis and Sánchez-Soto 1992 , providing a full quantum treatment in the language of quantum optics. The community now fully appreciated the relevance of correlated uncertainties, allowing for improving the precision from the SQL (proportional to one over the square root of the photon number) to the much lower Heisenberg limit (proportional to one over the square root of the photon number). At this stage it was clear how optics can help: increase the power of the laser feeding the interferometer until the SQL is reached. Then squeeze the field at the second, dark input port of the interferometer and tilt the squeezed ellipse in phase space relative to the laser light at the bright input port to maximally anti-correlate the in-phase and the out-of-phase quadrature uncertainties – done. Ideally the squeezing angle is noise frequency dependent to allow for broad band detection with better than SQL precision Kimble et al. 2001 . However, all is easier said than done and the experimental demonstration is still at stake
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