Collapse of self-interacting scalar field in anti-de Sitter space

Understand

The gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field with a self-interaction term $\lambda\phi^4$ in anti-de Sitter space is investigated.

• We numerically investigate the effect of the self-interaction term on the critical amplitudes, forming time of apparent horizon, stable island and energy transformation.
• The results show that a positive $\lambda$ suppresses the formation of black hole, while a negative $\lambda$ enhances the process.
• We define two susceptibilities to characterize the effect of the self-interaction on the black hole formation, and find that near the critical amplitude, there exists a universal scaling relation with the critical exponent $\alpha \approx 0.74$ for the time of black hole formation.