Comprehensive Assessment of the Too-Big-to-Fail Problem

Understand

We use a semi-analytical model for the substructure of dark matter haloes to assess the too-big-to-fail (TBTF) problem.

• The model accurately reproduces the average subhalo mass and velocity functions, as well as their halo-to-halo variance, in N-body simulations.
• We construct thousands of realizations of Milky Way (MW) size host haloes, allowing us to investigate the TBTF problem with unprecedented statistical power.
• We examine the dependence on host halo mass and cosmology, and explicitly demonstrate that a reliable assessment of TBTF requires large samples of hundreds of host haloes.