Neutrinos in the holographic dark energy model: constraints from latest measurements of expansion history and growth of structure

Understand

The model of holographic dark energy (HDE) with massive neutrinos and/or dark radiation is investigated in detail.

• The background and perturbation evolutions in the HDE model are calculated.
• We employ the PPF approach to overcome the gravity instability difficulty (perturbation divergence of dark energy) led by the equation-of-state parameter $w$ evolving across the phantom divide $w=-1$ in the HDE model with $c<1$.
• We thus derive the evolutions of density perturbations of various components and metric fluctuations in the HDE model.