Dynamical Casimir Effect in a small compact manifold for the Maxwell vacuum

Understand

We study novel type of contributions to the partition function of the Maxwell system defined on a small compact manifold ${\mathbb{M}}$ such as torus.

• These new terms can not be described in terms of the physical propagating photons with two transverse polarizations.
• Rather, these novel contributions emerge as a result of tunnelling events when transitions occur between topologically different but physically identical vacuum winding states.
• These new terms give an extra contribution to the Casimir pressure, yet to be measured.