Neutrino and Cosmic-Ray Release from Gamma-Ray Bursts: Time-Dependent Simulations

Understand

We revisit the neutrino and ultra high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) production from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with time-dependent simulations for the proton-induced cascades.

• This method can generate self-consistent photon, neutrino and escaped neutron spectra.
• To obtain the integrated background spectra, we take into account the distributions of the burst luminosity and pulse duration timescale.
• A benchmark case with standard GRB luminosity function, a bulk Lorentz factor $\Gamma=300$ and a proton to gamma-ray luminosity fraction $f_{\rm p}=10$, is consistent with both the neutrino upper-limits and the observed UHECR intensity at $\sim 10^{20}$ eV, while requiring a different type of UHECR source at the ankle.