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There are two proposed explanations for ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) with luminosities in excess of $10^{39}$ erg s$^{-1}$.
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Kong, A. K. H., Di Stefano, R. & Yuan, F. Evidence of an intermediate-mass black hole: Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the ultraluminous supersoft X-ray source in M101 during its 2004 outburst. Astrophys. J
2004
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Portegies Zwart, S. F., Baumgardt, H., Hut, P., Makino, J. & McMillan, S. L. W. Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters. Nature
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Pettini, M. & Pagel, B. E. J. [OIII]/[NII] as an abundance indicator at high redshift. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
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Mukai, K., Still, M., Corbet, R., Kuntz, K. & Barnard, R. The X-ray properties of M101 ULX-1 = CXOKM101 J140332.74+542102. Astrophys. J
2005
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Rappaport, S., Podsiadlowski, Ph. & Pfahl, E. Stellar-mass black hole binaries as ultraluminous X-ray sources. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
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Liu, J.F. & Di Stefano, R. An Ultraluminous Supersoft X-Ray Source in M81: An Intermediate-Mass Black Hole? Astrophys. J
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Liu, J. F. Multi-epoch multi-wavelength study of an ultraluminous X-ray source in M101: the nature of the secondary. Astrophys. J
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Steiner, J. F., McClintock, J. E., Remillard, R. A., Narayan, R., Gou, L. J. Measuring black hole spin via the X-ray continuum-fitting method: beyond the thermal dominant state. Astrophys. J
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Kong, A. K. H. & Di Stefano, R. An unusual spectral state of an ultraluminous very soft X-ray source during outburst. Astrophys. J
2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Kuntz, K. D. et al
2005
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McClintock, J. & Remillard, R. Black hole binaries. Compact stellar X-ray sources
2006
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Remillard, R. A. & McClintock, J. E. X-ray properties of black-hole binaries. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys
2006
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Blecha, L. et al
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Madhusudhan, N. et al
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Crowther, P. A. & Hadfield, L. J. Reduced Wolf-Rayet line luminosities at low metallicity. Astron. Astrophys
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Gladstone, J. et al
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Linden, T. et al
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Roberts, T. P. et al
2011
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Cseh, D., Grisé, F., Corbel, S. & Kaaret, P. Broad Components in optical emission lines from the ultra-luminous X-ray source NGC 5408 X-1. Astrophys. J
2011
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Mohamed, S. & Podsiadlowski, Ph. Mass Transfer in Mira-type Binaries. Baltic Astronomy
2011
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Liu, J. F. Chandra ACIS survey of X-ray point sources in 383 nearby galaxies. I. The source catalog. Astrophys. J
2011
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Gladstone, J. The sub-classes of ultraluminous X-ray sources. Conference proceeding from ”X-ray Astronomy: towards the next 50 years!” in Milan 2012
2012
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Liu J. F., Orosz, J. & Bregman, J. N. Dynamical mass constraints on the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 1313 X-2. Astrophys. J
2012
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Middleton, M. J. et al
2013
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