Critical Collapse of Scalar Fields Beyond Axisymmetry

Understand

We investigate non-spherically symmetric, scalar field collapse of a family of initial data consisting of a spherically symmetric profile with a deformation proportional to the real part of the spherical harmonic $Y_{21}(\theta,\varphi)$.

• Independent of the strength of the anisotropy in the data, we find that supercritical collapse yields a black hole mass scaling $M_h \propto (p-p^*)^\gamma$ with $\gamma \approx 0.37$, a value remarkably close to the critical exponent obtained by Choptuik in his pioneering study in spherical symmetry.
• We also find hints of discrete self-similarity.
• However, the collapse experiments are not sufficiently close to the critical solution to unequivocally claim that the detected periodicity is from critical collapse echoing.