Black hole formation in the early universe

Understand

Supermassive black holes with up to a $\rm 10^{9}~M_{\odot}$ dwell in the centers of present-day galaxies, and their presence has been confirmed at z $\geq$ 6.

• Their formation at such early epochs is still an enigma.
• Different pathways have been suggested to assemble supermassive black holes in the first billion years after the Big Bang.
• Direct collapse has emerged as a highly plausible scenario to form black holes as it provides seed masses of $\rm 10^{5}-10^{6}~M_{\odot}$.