CMB bounds on dark matter annihilation: Nucleon energy-losses after recombination

Understand

We consider the propagation and energy losses of protons and anti-protons produced by dark matter annihilation at redshifts 100<z<~2000.

• In the case of dark matter annihilations into quarks, gluons and weak gauge bosons, protons and anti-protons carry about 20% of the energy injected into e^\pm and \gamma's, but their interactions are normally neglected when deriving cosmic microwave background bounds from altered recombination histories.
• Here, we follow numerically the energy-loss history of typical protons/antiprotons in the cosmological medium.
• We show that about half of their energy is channeled into photons and e^\pm, and we present a simple prescription to estimate the corresponding strengthening of the cosmic microwave background bounds on the dark matter annihilation cross section.