Observer dependence of bubble nucleation and Schwinger pair production

Understand

Pair production in a constant electric field is closely analogous to bubble nucleation in a false vacuum.

• The classical trajectories of the pairs are Lorentz invariant, but it appears that this invariance should be broken by the nucleation process.
• Here, we use a model detector, consisting of other particles interacting with the pairs, to investigate how pair production is seen by different Lorentzian observers.
• We focus on the idealized situation where a constant external electric field is present for an infinitely long time, and we consider the in-vacuum state for a charged scalar field that describes the nucleating pairs.