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2012

Remarks on nonrelativistic Goldstone bosons

Kapustin, Anton

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We discuss excitations in nonrelativistic field theories with spontaneous breaking of a continuous global symmetry.

It is known that in such systems there are two types of Goldstone bosons (Type A and Type B) whose dispersion law is generically linear or quadratic, respectively.
We show that Type B Goldstone bosons may have gapped partners which we call almost-Goldstone bosons.
With some nondegeneracy assumption about the low-energy effective action, the total number of Goldstone and almost-Goldstone bosons adds up to the number of broken symmetry generators.

Remarks on nonrelativistic Goldstone bosons · Around

Built on

H. B. Nielsen and S. Chadha, “On How to Count Goldstone Bosons,” Nucl. Phys. B 105
1976
Earlier work this paper cites.
H. Leutwyler, “Nonrelativistic effective Lagrangians,” Phys. Rev. D 49
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Earlier work this paper cites.
T. Schafer, D. T. Son, M. A. Stephanov, D. Toublan and J. J. M. Verbaarschot, “Kaon condensation and Goldstone’s theorem,” Phys. Lett. B 522
2001
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

Y. Nambu, “Spontaneous breaking of Lie and current algebras,” J. Stat. Phys. 115
2004
Cited alongside, same era.
T. Brauner, “Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Nambu-Goldstone Bosons in Quantum Many-Body Systems,” Symmetry 2
Original
2010
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

H. Watanabe and T. Brauner, “On the number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons and its relation to charge densities,” Phys. Rev. D 84
Original
2011
Later among the works it cites.
H. Watanabe and H. Murayama, “Unified Description of Nambu-Goldstone Bosons without Lorentz Invariance,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108
Original
2012
Closest in time.

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