Shining Light on Modifications of Gravity

Understand

Many modifications of gravity introduce new scalar degrees of freedom, and in such theories matter fields typically couple to an effective metric that depends on both the true metric of spacetime and on the scalar field and its derivatives.

• Scalar field contributions to the effective metric can be classified as conformal and disformal.
• Disformal terms introduce gradient couplings between scalar fields and the energy momentum tensor of other matter fields, and cannot be constrained by fifth force experiments because the effects of these terms are trivial around static non-relativistic sources.
• The use of high-precision, low-energy photon experiments to search for conformally coupled scalar fields, called axion-like particles, is well known.