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2012

Particle creation and particle number in an expanding universe

Parker, Leonard

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I describe the logical basis of the method that I developed in 1962 and 1963 to define a quantum operator corresponding to the observable particle number of a quantized free scalar field in a spatially-flat isotropically expanding (and/or contracting) universe.

This work also showed for the first time that particles were created from the vacuum by the curved space-time of an expanding spatially-flat FLRW universe.
The same process is responsible for creating the nearly scale-invariant spectrum of quantized perturbations of the inflaton scalar field during the inflationary stage of the expansion of the universe.
I explain how the method that I used to obtain the observable particle number operator involved adiabatic invariance of the particle number (hence, the name adiabatic regularization) and the quantum theory of measurement of particle number in an expanding universe.

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Schrödinger, E 1939 Physica 6
1939
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Schrödinger, E 1940 Physica 46
1940
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Lifshitz, E M 1946 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 16
1946
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Penrose, R 1964 in Relativity, Groups and Topology
1964
Earlier work this paper cites.
Parker, L 1966 The Creation of Particles in an Expanding Universe,
1966
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Parker, L 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 21
1968
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Parker, L 1969 Phys. Rev. 183
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Parker, L 1971 Phys. Rev. D3
1971
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

Parker, L 1972 Phys. Rev. D5
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Fulling, S A and Parker, L 1974 Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 87
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Hawking, S W 1977 Commun. Math. Phys. 55
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Then

Dowker, S J and Banach, R 1978 J. Phys. A: Gen. Phys., 11
1978
Later among the works it cites.
Parker, L 1979 “Aspects of Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime: Effective Action and Energy-Momentum Tensor,” in Recent Developments in Gravitation: Cargèse 1978
1978
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Birrell, N D and Davies, P C W 1982 Quantum Fields in Curved Space
1982
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Glenz, M M and Parker, L 2009 Phys. Rev. D 80
2009
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Parker, L and Toms, D J 2009 Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime: Quantized Fields and Gravity
2009
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Agullo, I and Parker, L 2011 Phys. Rev. D83
2011
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Ford, L H and Parker, L 1977 Phys. Rev. D16

1977

Cited alongside, same era.

Agullo, I and Parker, L 2011 Gen. Relativ. Gravit., DOI: 10.1007/s10714-011-1220-8. First Award in the 2011 Essay Competition of the Gravity Research Foundation

2011

Later among the works it cites.

Agullo, I, Navarro-Salas, J and Parker, L 2012 ”Enhanced local-type inflationary trispectrum from a non-vacuum initial state” JCAP (accepted for publication)

2012

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