A multi-layer model for turbulent kinetic energy in pipe flows

Understand

A multi-layer model of an energy length function is developed by employing recent results of the authors.

• The theory predicts the complete, mean streamwise turbulent kinetic-energy profile (MKP), in good agreement with empirical data for a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Re).
• In particular, a critical $Re_\tau$ is predicted, beyond which a scaling anomaly appears and MKP develops a second peak.