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Observational work conducted over the last few decades indicates that all massive galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centres.
Dynamical evidence for a central mass concentration in the galaxy M87
Sargent, W. L. W., et al · 1978
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A numerical model for a triaxial stellar system in dynamical equilibrium
Schwarzschild, M · 1979
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Maximum-entropy models of galaxies
Richstone, D. O., & Tremaine, S · 1988
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Observational evidence for supermassive black holes
Dressler, A · 1989
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Inward bound Ð the search for supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei
Kormendy, J. & Richstone, D · 1995
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Brightest cluster galaxies as standard candles
Postman, M. & Lauer, T. R · 1995
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The centers of early-type galaxies with HST. III. Non-parametric recovery of stellar luminosity distribution
Gebhardt, K., et al · 1996
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Nuclear disks of gas and dust in early-type galaxies and the hunt for massive black holes: Hubble Space Telescope observations of NGC 6251
Ferrarese, L. & Ford, H. C · 1996
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Evidence for a 3 × 10 8 M ⊙ 3\times 10^{8}\,M_{\odot} black hole in NGC 7052 from Hubble Space Telescope observations of the nuclear gas disk
van der Marel, R. P., & van den Bosch, F. C · 1998
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Extended stellar kinematics of elliptical galaxies in the Fornax cluster
Graham, A. W., Colless, M. M., Busarello, G., Zaggia, S., & Longo, G · 1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
Dynamical models of NGC 3115
Emsellem, E., Dejonghe, H., & Bacon, R · 1999
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Evidence for a massive black hole in the S0 galaxy NGC 4342
Cretton, N. & van den Bosch, F. C · 1999
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Evidence for a massive black hole in the active galaxy NGC 4261 from Hubble Space Telescope images and spectra
Ferrarese, L., Ford, H. C., & Jaffe, W · 1999
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A fundamental relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
Ferrarese, L. & Merritt, D · 2000
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A relationship between nuclear black hole mass and galaxy velocity dispersion
Gebhardt, K., et al · 2000
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Axisymmetric, three-integral models of galaxies: a massive black hole in NGC 3379
Gebhardt, K., et al · 2000
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Evidence of a supermassive black hole in the galaxy NGC 1023 from nuclear stellar dynamics
Bower, G. A., et al · 2001
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Supermassive black holes in bulges
Sarzi, M., et al · 2001
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Evidence for a supermassive black hole in the S0 galaxy NGC 3245
Barth, A. J., et al · 2001
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Integral field spectroscopy with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph. I. Design, construction, and testing
Allington-Smith, J., et al · 2002
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A study of the direct fitting method for measurement of galaxy velocity dispersions
Barth, A. J., Ho, L. C., & Sargent, W. L. W · 2002
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The slope of the black hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation
Tremaine, S., et al · 2002
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The counterrotating core and the black hole mass of IC 1459
Cappellari, M., et al · 2002
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A SAURON study of M32: measuring the intrinsic flattening and the central black hole mass
verolme, E. K., et al · 2002
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The largest black holes and the most luminous galaxies
Netzer, H · 2003
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Hubble Space Telescope imaging of brightest cluster galaxies
Laine, S., et al · 2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Kinematics of 10 early-type galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based spectroscopy
Pinkney, J., et al · 2003
Cited alongside, same era.
A warped accretion disk and wide-angle outflow in the inner parsec of the Circinus galaxy
Greenhill, L. J., et al · 2003
Cited alongside, same era.
Non-Keplerian rotation in the nucleus of NGC 1068: evidence for a massive accretion disk?
Lodato, G. & Bertin, G · 2003
Cited alongside, same era.
STIS spectroscopy of the central 10 parsecs of M81: evidence for a massive black hole
Devereux, N., Ford, H., Tsvetanov, Z., & Jacoby, G · 2003
Cited alongside, same era.
The Indo-US library of Coudé feed stellar spectra
Valdes, F., Gupta, R., Rose, J. A., Singh, H. P., & Bell, D. J · 2004
The supermassive black hole of Fornax A
Nowak, N., et al · 2008
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Design, construction, and performance of VIRUS-P: the prototype of a highly replicated integral field spectrograph for the HET
Hill, G. J., et al · 2008
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Measuring distance and properties of the Milky Way’s central supermassive black hole with stellar orbits
Ghez, A M.., et al · 2008
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The parsec-scale accretion disk in NGC 3393
Kondratko, P. T., , Greenhill, L. J., & Moran, J. M · 2008
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Measuring supermassive black holes with gas kinematics. II. The LINERs IC 989, NGC 5077, and NGC 6500
de Francesco, G., Capetti, A., & Marconi, A · 2008
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The M BH − σ M_{\rm BH}-\sigma and M BH − L M_{\rm BH}-L relations in galactic bulges, and determinations of their intrinsic scatter
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Cited alongside, same era.
Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
Di Matteo, T., Volker, S., & Hernquist, L · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
HST STIS spectroscopy of the triple nucleus of M31: two nested disks in Keplerian rotation around a supermassive black hole
Bender, R., et al · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Supermassive black hole mass measurements for NGC 1300 and 2748 based on Hubble Space Telescope emission-line gas kinematics
Atkinson, J. W., et al · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
The geometry of and mass accretion rate through the maser accretion disk in NGC 4258
Herrnstein, J. R., Moran, J. M., Greenhill, L. J., & Trotter, A. S · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Gemini Near Infrared Spectrograph observations of the central supermassive black hole in Centaurus A
Silge, J. D., Gebhardt, K., Bergmann, M., & Richstone, D · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
The Evolution of the M BH − σ M_{\rm BH}-\sigma Relation
Robertson, B., et al · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Gültekin, K., et al · 2009
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The high-mass end of the black hole mass function: mass estimates in brightest cluster galaxies
Dalla Bontà, E., et al · 2009
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Monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the galactic center
Gillessen, S., et al · 2009
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Determination of masses of the central black holes in NGC 524 and 2549 using laser guide star adaptive optics
Krajnovic, D., McDermid, R. M., Cappellari, M., & Davies, R. L · 2009
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A quintet of black hole mass determinations
Gültekin, K., et al · 2009
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The mass of the black hole in Centaurus A from SINFONI AO-assisted integral-field observations of stellar kinematics
Cappellari, M., et al · 2009
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Estimating black hole masses in triaxial galaxies
van den Bosch, R. C. E. & de Zeeuw, P. T · 2010
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Precise black hole masses from megamaser disks: black hole-bulge relations at low mass
Greene, J. E., et al · 2010
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The supermassive black hole and dark matter halo of NGC 4649 (M60)
Shen, J. & Gebhardt, K · 2010
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Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudo-bulge galaxies NGC 3368 and NGC 3489
Nowak, N., et al · 2010
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The supermassive black hole in M84 revisited
Walsh, J. L., , Barth, A. J., & Sarzi, M · 2010
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The megamaser cosmology project. II. The angular-diameter distance to UGC 3789
Braatz, J. A., et al · 2010
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The black hole mass in M87 from Gemini/NIFS adaptive optics observations
Gebhardt, K., et al · 2011
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The The black hole mass in brightest cluster galaxy NGC 6086
McConnell, N. J., et al · 2011
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Galaxy kinematics with VIRUS-P: the dark matter halo of M87
Murphy, J. D., Gebhardt, K., & Adams, J. J., · 2011
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The megamaser cosmology project. III. Accurate masses of seven supermassive black holes in active galaxies with circumnuclear megamaser disks
Kuo, C. Y., et al · 2011
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Supermassive black holes do not correlate with galaxy disks or pseudobulges
Kormendy, J., Bender, R., & Cornell, M. E · 2011
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Effect of a dark matter halo on the determination of black hole masses
Schulze, A. & Gebhardt, K · 2011
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An expanded M BH − σ M_{\rm BH}-\sigma diagram, and a new calibration of active galactic nuclei masses
Graham, A. W., Onken, C. A., Athanassoula, E., & Combes, F · 2011
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The central black hole mass of the high- σ \sigma but low-bulge-luminosity lenticular galaxy NGC 1332
Rusli, S. P., et al · 2011
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