Competition between two- and three-sublattice ordering for S=1 spins on the square lattice

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The quadrupole operator has five components: Q x 2 − y 2 = ( S x ) 2 − ( S y ) 2 Q^{x^{2}-y^{2}}=(S^{x})^{2}-(S^{y})^{2} , Q 3 ​ z 2 − r 2 = [ 2 ​ ( S z ) 2 − ( S x ) 2 − ( S y ) 2 ] / 3 Q^{3z^{2}-r^{2}}=\left[2(S^{z})^{2}-(S^{x})^{2}-(S^{y})^{2}\right]/\sqrt{3} , Q x ​ y = S x ​ S y + S y ​ S x Q^{xy}=S^{x}S^{y}+S^{y}S^{x} , Q y ​ z = S y ​ S z + S z ​ S y Q^{yz}=S^{y}S^{z}+S^{z}S^{y} , and Q z ​ x = S z ​ S x + S x ​ S z Q^{zx}=S^{z}S^{x}+S^{x}S^{z}

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