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Light from `point sources' such as supernovae is observed with a beam width of order of the sources' size - typically less than 1 AU.
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1998
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2008
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2008
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2008
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2008
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2001
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H. G. Rose, “Apparent magnitudes in an inhomogeneous universe: The Global viewpoint,” Astrophys. J. 560
2001
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N. Dalal, D. E. Holz, X. l. Chen and J. A. Frieman, “Corrective lenses for high redshift Supernovae,” Astrophys. J. 585
2003
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2003
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V. Perlick, “Gravitational lensing from a spacetime perspective,” Living Rev. Rel. 7
2004
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B. A. Bassett, M. Kunz, “Cosmic distance-duality as a probe of exotic physics and acceleration,” Phys. Rev. D69
2004
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2008
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2009
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2009
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S. Rasanen, “Light propagation in statistically homogeneous and isotropic dust universes,” JCAP 0902
2009
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P. Peter and J.-P. Uzan, Primordial cosmology
2009
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W. Valkenburg, “Swiss Cheese and a Cheesy CMB,” JCAP 0906
2009
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2010
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2010
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2010
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2010
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V. Kostov, “Average luminosity distance in inhomogeneous universes,” JCAP 1004
2010
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2010
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2010
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2010
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T. Mattsson, “Dark energy as a mirage,” Gen. Rel. Grav. 42
2010
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2010
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2010
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2010
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2011
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2011
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2011
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K. Bolejko, “Weak lensing and the Dyer–Roeder approximation,” Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 412
2011
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S. J. Szybka, “On light propagation in Swiss-Cheese cosmologies,” Phys. Rev. D84
2011
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