The Value of the Cosmological Constant

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We use Planck units in which we set G = c = ℏ = 1 . G=c=\hbar=1. All times are therefore given in units of the Planck time: t p ​ l = ( G ​ ℏ / c 5 ) 1 / 2 = 5.4 × 10 − 44 ​ s t_{pl}=(G\hbar/c^{5})^{1/2}=5.4\times 10^{-44}s

Cited in the paper.

This implies that the form of Eq. ( 1

Cited in the paper.

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Classically, this movement from one history to another has no directly detectable consequences. From a quantum perspective, the wave function is dominated by a superposition of histories with a small spread in Λ \Lambda of Δ Λ = ( δ 2 S tot / δ Λ 2 ) − 1 / 2 \Delta\Lambda=(\delta^{2}S_{\mathrm{tot}}/\delta\Lambda^{2})^{-1/2} . This superposition could give rise to new effects if a system were sensitive to shifts of O ⁡ ( Δ ​ Λ ) O(\Delta\Lambda) . However, with Ω Λ ​ 0 ∼ O ⁡ ( 1 ) \Omega_{\Lambda 0}\sim O(1) , Δ ​ Λ / Λ ∼ Λ 1 / 2 ∼ 10 − 60 ≪ 1 \Delta\Lambda/\Lambda\sim\Lambda^{1/2}\sim 10^{-60}\ll 1 but this effect looks undetectably small

Cited in the paper.

This behaviour arises as a direct consequence of having taken ℳ \mathcal{M} to be the observer’s causal past which, in turn, was necessary to preserve causality when Λ \Lambda was promoted from a parameter to a field

Cited in the paper.

D.J. Shaw and J.D. Barrow, Phys. Rev. D 83, 04351 (2010)

2010

Later among the works it cites.

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2011

Closest in time.