Integrated quantized electronics: a semiconductor quantized voltage source

Understand

The Josephson effect in superconductors links a quantized output voltage Vout = f \cdot(h/2e) to the natural constants of the electron's charge e, Planck's constant h, and to an excitation frequency f with important applications in electrical quantum metrology.

• Also semiconductors are routinely applied in electrical quantum metrology making use of the quantum Hall effect.
• However, despite their broad range of further applications e.g.
• in integrated circuits, quantized voltage generation by a semiconductor device has never been obtained.