Observational evidence favors a static universe

Understand

The common attribute of all Big Bang cosmologies is that they are based on the assumption that the universe is expanding.

• However examination of the evidence for this expansion clearly favours a static universe.
• The major topics considered are: Tolman surface brightness, angular size, type 1a supernovae, gamma ray bursts, galaxy distributions, quasar distributions, X-ray background radiation, cosmic microwave background radiation, radio source counts, quasar variability and the Butcher--Oemler effect.
• An analysis of the best raw data for these topics shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution that cancels the effects of expansion.