Do Evaporating 4D Black Holes Form Photospheres and/or Chromospheres?

Understand

Several authors have claimed that the observable Hawking emission from a microscopic black hole is significantly modified by the formation of a photosphere or chromosphere around the black hole due to QED or QCD interactions between the emitted particles.

• Analyzing these models we identify a number of physical and geometrical effects which invalidate them.
• In all cases, we find that the observational signatures of a cosmic or Galactic background of black holes or an individual black hole remain essentially those of the standard Hawking model, with little change to the detection probability.