Exotic-singularity-driven dark energy

Understand

We discuss various types of exotic (non-standard) singularities in the Universe: a Big-Rip (BR or type I), a Sudden Future Singularity (SFS or type II), a Generalized Sudden Future Singularity, a Finite Scale Factor singularity (FSF or type III), a Big-Separation (BS or type IV) and a $w$-singularity.

• They are characterized by violation of all or some of the energy conditions which results in a blow-up of all or some of the physical quantities: the scale factor, the energy density, the pressure, and the barotropic index.
• We relate the emergence of these singularities with physical theories (superstring, brane, higher-order gravity, loop quantum cosmology).
• We show how the models involving exotic singularities may serve as dark energy by applying the observational data.