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The study of chaos in relativistic systems has been hampered by the observer dependence of Lyapunov exponents (LEs) and of conditions, such as orbit boundedness, invoked in the interpretation of LEs as indicators of chaos.
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Similarly, 0 < ⟨ Λ ⟩ t − 1 = ⟨ Λ − 1 ⟩ t ′ = lim t ′ → ∞ t ( t ′ ) t ′ < ∞ 0<\langle\Lambda\rangle_{t}^{-1}=\langle\Lambda^{-1}\rangle_{t^{\prime}}=\lim_{t^{\prime}\rightarrow\infty}\frac{t(t^{\prime})}{t^{\prime}}<\infty
Cited in the paper.
In principle, they can remotely observe the dynamics for t < 0 t<0 and determine the backward LEs based on that information
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