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2009

ARCADE 2 Measurement of the Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz

Fixsen, D. J., Kogut, A., Levin, S. et al.

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The ARCADE 2 instrument has measured the absolute temperature of the sky at frequencies 3, 8, 10, 30, and 90 GHz, using an open-aperture cryogenic instrument observing at balloon altitudes with no emissive windows between the beam-forming optics and the sky.

An external blackbody calibrator provides an {\it in situ} reference.
Systematic errors were greatly reduced by using differential radiometers and cooling all critical components to physical temperatures approximating the CMB temperature.
A linear model is used to compare the output of each radiometer to a set of thermometers on the instrument.

ARCADE 2 Measurement of the Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz · Around

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Windhorst R et al., 1993, ApJ, 405, 498
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Fixsen D J et al., 1996, ApJ, 473, 576
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Fixsen D J, Mirel, P G A, Kogut A, & Seiffert M, 2002, RSI, 73, 3659
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Singal J et al., 2005, RSI, 76, 124703
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Fixsen D J, Kogut A, Mirel, P G A, Limon M, Singal J, & Fixsen S M, 2006, RSI, 77,
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Kogut A et al., 2006, New Astronomy Review, 50, 11
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Fixsen D J, Kogut A, Levin S, Limon M, Mirel, P G A, Seiffert M & Wollack E, 2004, ApJ, 612, 86

2004

Cited alongside, same era.

Wollack EJ et al., 2007, IEEE Trans on Inst and Measurements, 56, 2073

2073

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