Cosmological Imprint of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Understand

We study the evolution of the universe in the presence of inflaton, matter, radiation, and holographic dark energy.

• The time evolution of the scale factor is obtained by solving the Friedmann equation of the universe with a good approximation.
• We present two independent ways which determine the value of the dark energy constant $d\sim 1$ from the observational data.
• The two ways are measuring the deceleration parameter and measuring a universal constant depending only on $d$.