Hybrid single-electron transistor as a source of quantized electric current

Understand

The basis of synchronous manipulation of individual electrons in solid-state devices was laid by the rise of single-electronics about two decades ago.

• Ultra-small structures in a low temperature environment form an ideal domain of addressing electrons one by one.
• A long-standing challenge in this field has been the realization of a source of electric current that is accurately related to the operation frequency $f$.
• There is an urgent call for a quantum standard of electric current and for the so-called metrological triangle, where voltage from Josephson effect and resistance from quantum Hall effect are tested against current via Ohm's law for a consistency check of the fundamental constants of Nature, $\hbar$ and $e$.